Genre is useful for audiences

Genre is useful for audiences Compare examples of genre texts from different decades of any media genre of your choice. Genre is useful for audiences as it enables them to differentiate between the styles and types of narrative, allowing them to decide on what they enjoy. Producers benefit from genre as they can see what is most successful at the current time, and, therefore, make more of the same to capitalise on profit. Due to the ongoing existence and progression of genre, certain changes occur in film, but yet they remain reflective of the genre they are in. This observation is supported by Steven Neales description, that genre operates as a â€Å"repetition of difference†. Subtle differences may appear on screen, but the underlying repertoire of elements are exclusively the same. I will be considering the science fiction genre, within which, the films Invasion of the Body Snatchers, The Invasion, and The Faculty will be discussed. These films are recognisable as being part of the science fiction genre due to the inclusion of aliens in all three texts. This is a common trend within the genr e and is apparent in countless other films. The repetition of such ideas is noticeably popular with audiences, who have consumed similar texts for decades. Audiences like this repetition as it fits into their schema, complying with the ideologies and values of previous texts which they have enjoyed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, genres do not endlessly repeat themselves. Instead, they evolve, adopting new conventions and narratives to excite the audience. This variation is well-liked by audiences who would become bored of watching the same thing over and over again. The repetition of difference allows the audience to enjoy the particular genre whilst being entertained by the application of new elements. The diverse nature and imagination of science fiction allows difference to be introduced with greater success than any other genre.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Haywards theory, that genres are not static but â€Å"shifting and slippery†, can be confidently implicated into the discussion, as they do not remain the same but adjust due to the audience and society at the time. This notion can be further enforced by theorist Toamshevsky, who suggested that â€Å"no firm logical classification of genre is possible. Their demarcation is always historical, that is to say, it is only correct for a moment of history†. This theory proposes that films produced as part of the science fiction genre, reflect attitudes, worries and conflicts within society at a given time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The texts held in question all exhibit differences due to the influences of historical contexts that were apparent at the time. Invasion of the Body Snatchers is manifestly a metaphor of society during the Cold War, with the pod people representing Russian communists. The 2007 remake, The Invasion, adopts different aspects as a result of society at this time. The anxieties present in this era are disease, infection and the idea that science is foolishly breaking boundaries, represented in The Invasion by a virus that turns people into an inhuman being. The faculty is more complex as it does not involve concerns of the present society. Instead, The Faculty presents a postmodern view of humanity through its self-referentiality; drawing attention to its own construction which offers little comment on social issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neale supports Toamshevskys point and suggests that genre creates meaning in a fluid way. Genre can only make sense in relation to a variety of contextual factors. The contextual factors of institution, censorship, technology and gender representation have all affected these texts and created differences between them. Invasion of the body Snatchers was produced by Walter Wanger, who had an interest in topically political material, being responsible for the making of the anti-fascist film Blockade in 1938. The films screenwriter Mainwaring was even blacklisted himself as a communist sympathiser. Furthermore, the script was rewritten by Richard Collins, a former Communist Party functionary and co-author of the once notorious Song of Russia. These institutional aspects of the film clearly show its intentions and ideologies as being pro-communism, making a satirical attack on McCarthyism. The Invasion was produced by Warner brothers and therefore has values in keeping with traditional America. The narrative of this film concludes with the uninfected triumphing over the alien life form and restoring the world to its previous state. This clearly shows the difference in values as the ending is so definite, whereas in Body Snatchers the ending is not completely resolved, with the imagination of the audience determining the real outcome. The Faculty appears to struggle in commenting on the real world we live in until the very end of the film. We can see this ending as an ironic parody through Frederick Jamesons definition of the term, as The Faculty ‘mocks rather than plunders from tradition therefore interrogating other texts that it mimics. We ask questions about the way the narrative ends as it makes no sense, with everybody becoming better people due to the experience and contradicting there former characters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Censorship has shaped the three texts dramatically, having restricted the content of some and enabling others to show more varied footage. Invasion of the Body Snatchers was produced in 1956, a time where society was shielded from ‘unacceptable material by the MPDDA, therefore limiting the footage that could be shown, and which could be perceived as entertaining by the audience, for example violence, nudity and swearing. The Invasion and The Faculty, however, have not been affected by such rigorous censoring, being produced in a more lenient society. This has allowed both films to include more disturbing scenes such as the alien in The Faculty and the process by which humans are converted into aliens in The Invasion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology also plays a significant part in recognising the differences between the texts. Invasion of the Body Snatchers lacks impressive, large scale scenes partly due to the deficiency of technology but also due to the economic context, as films were made on a much lower budget than they are today. Body Snatchers cost a modern day equivalent of 4 million dollars whereas The Invasion cost a massive 80 million dollars. These economic differences have allowed films produced in the 21st century to be much more impressive in appearance than those created decades ago. The Faculty consisted of many scenes that relied heavily on special effects. However, the methods used could clearly be seen as fake and even comical. This may have been solely due to its postmodern influences but may also have been due to the standard of technology at the time. The Invasion includes much more realistic examples of technology in use, such as the shuttle falling to Earth and the suffocat ing green mucus that covers the peoples faces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Representations of gender are very different in the three texts. Body Snatchers clearly portrays a patriarchal society where men are the bread winners and women are the housewives. Miles Bennell is the Proppian hero who is slowed down and hindered by his partner Becky Driscoll who has no relevance to the plot, ultimately becoming an alien and betraying Miles. The Invasion, however, swaps these roles, making the women the hero and the man the burden. This can be accounted for through the second wave of feminism in the late 1960s, characterised by the growing revolt by women against their oppression as a sex. The idea of the crisis of masculinity is also encompassed within the film as men, such as Daniel Craig and Kidmans ex-husband Jeremy Northam, appear week, being dominated by Kidmans character and eventually overcome.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neales theory that genre exists through the repetition of difference is highly justifiable when looking at Invasion of the Body Snatchers, The Invasion and The Faculty. All three films are extremely familiar with the two most recent films taking their ideas directly from the 1956 classic. The Faculty is a repetition of Body Snatchers due to its close compliance with the texts narrative and conventions of alien organisms, as well as the fact that it makes direct references to Body Snatchers consistently throughout the film. The Invasion is a remake of Body Snatchers, therefore existing exclusively due to the earlier film. It does however have differences to the original to make it more exciting and more in keeping with contemporary society, which has greater appeal to audiences. For these reasons Neales theoretical framework is valid, as are the additional views of Hayward and Toamshevsky.

Business law Essay

Signal Sets Company contracts to deliver one hundred 52-inch plasma high-definition television sets to a new retail customer, Tuner TV Store, on May 1, with payment to be made on delivery. Signal tenders delivery in its own truck. Tuner’s manager notices that some of the cartons have scrape marks. Tuner’s owner phones Signal’s office and asks whether the sets might have been damaged as they were being loaded. Signal assures Tuner that the sets are in perfect condition. Tuner tenders Signal a check, which Signal refuses, claiming that the first delivery to new customers is always for cash. Tuner promises to pay the cash within two days. Signal leaves the sets with Tuner, which stores them in its warehouse pending its â€Å"Grand Opening Sale† on May 15. Two days later, Tuner’s stocker opens some of the cartons and discovers that a number of the sets are damaged beyond ordinary repair. Signal claims Tuner has accepted the sets and is in breach by not paying on delivery. Will Signal succeed on these claims? Explain. Signal won’t necessarily succeed on his claims. â€Å"Acceptance of the goods prevents the buyer or lessee from exercising the right of rejection, but it does not necessarily prevent the buyer or lessee from pursuing other remedies† (Business Law Today; page 337). In some circumstances, a buyer or lessee are allowed to revoke their acceptance of the goods. The revocation of acceptance is not effective until the seller has been notified. The seller must also be notified within a reasonable time after the buyer discovers or should have discovered the grounds for revocation. Tuner noticed cartons with scrape marks and right away questioned Signal, but Signal assured they would not be damaged. A couple days later Tuner’s stocker opens some cartons and then discovers the damages, notifying Signal. Two days later is within a reasonable time. Therefore Tuner has not breached for accepting the goods. He could now keep the goods and recover damages caused by Signalâ€℠¢s breach. Signal also stated that Tuner had breached contract for not paying on delivery. Payments can be made by any means agreed on by both parties. Under this contract there is no specific type of payment set. â€Å" If the seller demands cash when the buyer offers a check, credit card, or the like, the  seller must permit the buyer reasonable time to obtain legal tender† (Business Law Today; page 329). In this case Tuner offered Signal a check on the day of delivery, but Signal refuses, claiming the first delivery to new customers is always for cash. So signal must than give Tuner reasonable time to pay. In this case Tuner promises to pay the cash within two days. Therefore Signal is wrong and Tuner did not breach for not paying on day of delivery. Signal is most likely not going to succeed on his claims.

Multisystem Case - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3515 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Study Essay Did you like this example? Running head: MULTISYSTEM CASE Multisystem Case Scenario Demis Russu Section Instructor: Josanne Christian Florida Hospital College of Health Sciences July 22, 2010 Abstract Mr. Jones presents to the ED with a complex combination of symptoms. Clinicians must swiftly evaluate and treat his conditions. Air way protection as well as hemodynamic stability is extremely important. Mr. Jones’s case requires rapid intervention as his condition has been worsening for the past week. Pathology and treatment options are explored to enrich the educational component. Emotional support and long term treatment options must be discussed with Mr. Jones in order to meet his needs. Multisystem Case Study Heart failure (HF) is approaching epidemic levels. The statistics are staggering. Approximately 5 million people are currently diagnosed with HF in the U. S. with 550,000 being diagnosed yearly; health care cost is approaching an exorbitant $28 billion annually (Rasmusson Renlund, 200 6). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is presently the fourth leading cause of death world wide (Kara, 2005). As nurses it is imperative that we educate patients and their family members on risk reduction, identifying early signs and symptoms and latest treatment advances made towards controlling chronic conditions such as HF and COPD. Scenario Mr. Jones 68 y/o male arrives at the Emergency Department (ED) with complaints of increased dyspnea with exertion for the past three days, weight gain of 6 lbs in the last week, swelling to legs and feet and a noticeable decrease in urination. Mr. Jones does have a history of congestive heart failure (CHF), emphysema, hypertension, Type II diabetes nd rheumatic fever as a child. The patient admits to a long history of cigarette smoking having decreased his smoking to ? a pack daily since being diagnosed with emphysema five years ago. On initial assessment Mr. Jones appeared stated age but fatigued, was alert and oriented to time , place and situation, pupils 3 equal and reactive. Blood pressure 156/94, heart rate 102, rhythm sinus tachycardia, heart tones includes S3 gallop, denies chest pain and peripheral pulses were palpable with weak bilateral post-tibial and dorsalis pedis. Lung sounds were clear upper lobes with crackles in bilateral lower lobes, patient is dyspnic on exertion. Pulse oximeter 88% on room air, oxygen was applied at 2 l/m via nasal cannula which improved oxygen saturation to 94%. Abdomen obese had positive bowel sounds in all four quadrants, non-tender, non-distended, last bowel movement was yesterday morning. Mr. Jones reports a decrease in urinary frequency as well as amount, recalls urinating very small amount twice daily in the past two days. Skin was intact, has 3 + bilateral lower extremity edema. Mr. Jones reports the following medication regime: Altace 5mg PO twice daily, Toprol XL 25mg PO daily, Aldactone 25mg PO daily, Advair Diskus 250/50 mcg inhaler twice daily and Spi riva 1 cap inhaled daily. Mr. Jones reports that he has not taken his medications in the past 7 days because he did not have the money to purchase them. The ED physician orders the following tests: complete blood count, complete metabolic profile, thyroid level, lipid profile, homocysteine levels, Troponin I every 8 hrs x 3, BNP, HGBA1C, ABG, EKG, CXR, 2D Echo and a Cardiology consult. Order for Lasix 40 mg IV every 8 hrs with the first dose to be given stat was written. A urethral catheter was inserted in order to maintain strict IO and 1500 ml fluid restriction was ordered. Chronic Disease Review: Congestive Heart Failure Definition According to Brashers heart failure affects 10% of the population over the age of 65 and is the most frequent reason for hospital admission in this age group (2008). HF encompasses several types of cardiac malfunction which results in insufficient blood supply to the body’s tissues and organs. The most common cause of HF results from left ventricular dysfunction which includes both systolic and diastolic heart failure. Right ventricular dysfunction (also known as cor pulmonale) in the absence of left ventricular dysfunction can be attributed to pulmonary disease such as emphysema which is also referred to as COPD. Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of left heart failure result from pulmonary vascular congestion and insufficient perfusion to tissues and organs. Brashers describes patients experience fatigue, edema, decreased urine out put dyspnea, orthopnea, and frothy sputum (2008). Physical exam will reveal pulmonary edema, hypertension or hypotension, S3 gallop and possible evidence of acute or chronic CAD. Mr. Jones did present fatigued with dyspnea on exertion, crackles bilaterally, he does have an audible S3 gallop, and blood pressure is 156/94. Edema of the bilateral lower extremities is evident at 3+ as well as Mr. Jones reports a 6 lb weight gain in the past week as well as decreased urine output. Pa thophysiology Systolic heart failure (SHF) is the inability of the heart to produce a cardiac output sufficient enough to perfuse major organs and tissues. Cardiac output depends on the heart rate and stroke volume. Stoke volume is affected by contractility, preload and afterload (Brashers, 2008). Contractility is affected by disease processes such as myocardial infarction, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, myocardial ischemias, and inflammatory, immune or neurohumoral changes. According to Brashers preload increases due to excess in vascular volume which can result from intravenous fluid administration, renal failure and mitral valvular disease (2008). Frank-Starling’s law states that increasing the ventricular end-diastolic volume will cause a stretching effect of the myocardium causing a stronger contraction which results in improved cardiac output; however prolonged increased preload will ultimately lead to decreased contractility as this myocardial stretching will cause sarcomere dysfunction. Aortic valvular disease or hypertension is responsible for increases in afterload. Persistent increased peripheral vascular resistance leads to ventricular hypertrophy. Brashers explain hypertrophy results in deposition of collagen between myocytes, causing ventricular remodeling consequently reducing the contractility properties of the myocardium resulting in a dilated and less compliant ventricle (2008). The vicious (in this case) rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gets activated by poor cardiac output and decreased renal perfusion. Our body’s natural instinct to maintain homeostasis is stimulated. Barrow receptors which detect a decrease in perfusion stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to cause further vasoconstriction and antidiuretic hormone is release by the hypothalamus causing the kidneys to hold on to fluid. Mr. Jones fits the above criteria exhibiting symptoms of dyspnea, edema, has the classic HF murmur S3 gallop, is hypertensiv e and reports decreased urine out put with weight gain. Diastolic heart failure (DHF) is associated with delayed relaxation and increasing left ventricular rigidity which prevents adequate filling and decreases the ability to properly eject blood (Redderson, 2008). DHF occurring singly is described as pulmonary congestion with a normal cardiac output and stroke volume. Brashers describes DHF as the causative condition of 40% to 50% of all cases of left heart failure with a higher incidents in women (2008). Increased pressure at the end of diastole in the left ventricle is reflected back within the pulmonary circulation causing pulmonary congestion. Causes of DHF include myocardial ischemia, left ventricular hypertrophy induced by chronic hypertension, valvular diseases, cardiomyopathies and pericardial diseases. During exercise individuals with DHF are not able to compensate for the increased demands, therefore the heart is not able to increase cardiac output since the left ve ntricle is hypokinetic. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, evidence of pulmonary edema, hypertension coronary disease and valvular disease (Brashers, 2008). Mr. Jones could have DHF as he does present with appropriate symptoms however his symptoms are more indicative of SHF and the test results will help differentiate between the two. Right heart failure may result from left heart failure due to increased pressures in the left ventricle which reflects back into the pulmonary circulation. The right ventricle is not designed to cope with high pressures therefore it hypertrophies and fails. In the absence of left heart failure the cause is related to hypoxic pulmonary disease such as COPD, ARDS and cystic fibrosis causing pulmonary hpertension. Cardiac related conditions which affect contractility include pulmonic valvular disease, myocardial infarction, and cardiomyopathies (Brashers, 2008). Sings and symptoms include decreased cardiac out put during exerci se; EKG shows right ventricular hypertrophy, jugular venous distension, peripheral edema and hepatosplenomegalaly. Mr. Jones has a long history of smoking and he continues to smoke despite being diagnosed with emphysema five years ago. Tobacco use is the primary risk factor for developing COPD. Mr. Jones’s symptoms as well as his history and risk factors support a combination of left heart failure as well as right heart failure. Diagnostic Screening and Evaluation: Radiographic Laboratory Diagnostic blood work is ordered in order to support the condition suspected and rule out other conditions that may mimic HF, as well as to determine the severity of HF. EKG will identify the heart rhythm, right ventricular hypertrophy as well as conduction abnormalities or myocardial infarction. BNP level is an indicator of B-type natiuretic peptide which is secreted by the heart in order to maintain fluid balance, elevated levels support HF. CBC will rule out anemia and infectious proc esses. CMP will give us an indication of electrolyte status, renal, hepatic and pancreatic function. Thyroid profile will show thyroid function, as it can also affect cardiac function, lipid profile will show good and bad cholesterol levels. HGBA1C shows glycemic control for the past 3 months, ABG will demonstrate respiratory and metabolic status. Cardiac enzymes will determine if Mr. Jones is actively experiencing a myocardial infarction. CXR can support pulmonary congestion along with cardiomegally infiltrates, pleural effusion as well as differentiate COPD. A 2D Echo will show valvular function, kinesis of the myocardium as well as ejection fraction. Cardiology consult is requested because cardiologists are specifically trained to treat HF. Mr. Jones’s results were as follows: CBC, thyroid levels are normal; CMP shows elevated creatinine which indicates renal insufficiency. Lipid profile supports hyperlipidemia. Cardiac enzymes are negative, BNP is grossly elevated, and HGBA1C shows very poor glycemic control for the past three months. ABG shows a compensated pH with a PaO2 of 69. CXR reveals cardiomegally, and gross pulmonary congestion, EKG sinus tachycardia, right ventricular hypertrophy. Echo cardiogram confirms an EF of 30% and right and left ventricular hypertrophy and mitral valve stenosis. In 2001 and again in 2005 the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) collaborated to create a frame work which allows providers to understand the progression and HF. Heart failure progression is defined in four stages A, B, C, and D, beginning with at risk patients all the way to end-stage disease (Rasmusson, 2006). Treatment Interventions Rationale Dr. Heart reviews all the available information and places Mr. Jones in Stage C class of HF. Mr. Jones exhibits acute decompensated symptoms such as dyspnea, lower extremity edema, pulmonary congestion, remodeling of the left ventricle from chronic hypertension resulting in structural changes. Also important to mention are the co-morbidities, such as Diabetes and COPD. According to Rasmusson treatment options must focus on reduction of morbidity and mortality. Pharmacologic agents include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers and aldosterone antagonists, as well as diuretics and digoxin. Treatment goal is to block neurohormones preventing the cycle of decreasing contractility, increasing preload and afterload, and relieving pulmonary congestion (2006). In the acute treatment phase emphasis is placed on stabilizing hemodynamics, correcting fluid volume, determination of etiology, and reversing conditions that can be reversed. Long term care includes vital patient and family education, appropriate titration of pharmacologic agents, salt restriction, and possibly cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). CRT refers to bi-ventricular pacing which allows synchronization of the left ventricle consequently improving the ejection fraction (EF) which is normally 55%-70% (Brashers, 2008). Patients with an EF . 12 seconds are at a high risk for arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death therefore an implantable cardiac defibrillator is recommended (Rasmusson, 2006). Treatment for DHF focuses on improving ventricular relaxation, and prolonging diastolic filling times in order to reduce diastolic pressure. Inotropic drugs are not indicated in isolated diastolic heart failure since contractility and EF are not affected although digoxin may be used in patients with atrial fibrillation in order to achieve rate control (Brashers, 2008). Prevention Mr. Jones presented to the ED with exacerbation of HF related to non-compliance with medication regime. In this case patient education is of up-most importance. Hospitalization prevention is important due to the exorbitant costs. Patient education will focus on medication compliance, and signs and symptoms of exacerbations. Having the ability to recognize early symptoms will allow Mr. J ones to visit his physician, which could adjust the medication regime, impose a fluid and salt restrictions, as well as provide aggressive diuresis at the office in order to prevent a hospital admission. A social worker consult should be arranged in order to provide assistance with indigent issues. Chronic Disease Review: COPD or Emphysema Definition Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease includes pathologic lung changes consistent with emphysema or chronic bronchitis (Brashers, 2008). There is a permanent enlargement of gas exchange airways in conjunction with destruction of alveolar walls with out apparent fibrosis. Loss of elastic recoil is the causative factor of airflow limitation. The major cause of COPD is cigarette smoking even though childhood respiratory infections and air pollution are known to be contributing factors (Brashers, 2008). Signs and Symptom Clinical manifestations of COPD include, dyspnea, wheezing, and prolonged expiration. Individuals will have a classic barrel chest appearance. Late in the course of COPD patients will experience chronic hypoventilation, polycythemia and cor pulmonale also known as righ heart failure. Fatigue, weight loss, poor appetite as well as sleep disturbance may occur. Mr. Jones does have dyspnea, however it is unclear if it is related to the HF or COPD, nonetheless his history and test results do support a combination of conditions all exacerbated by his non-compliance with the prescribed medication regime (Kara, 2005) Pathophysiology The irreversible process begins with destruction of the alveolar septa consequently increasing the volume of air in the acinus. Pollutant particles stimulate inflammation resulting in alveolar destruction and loss of elastic recoil of the bronchi. This destruction produces bullae and blebs which are not effective in gas exchange resulting in hypoxemia due to ventilation – perfusion mismatching. The loss of elastic recoil reduces the volume of air that can be expire d making expiration difficult and causing air to become trapped in the lungs. Hyperexpansion is the result of trapped air, which stresses the muscles of respiration, therefore late in the course of disease hyperventilation and hypercapnia develops (Brashers, 2008). In non-smokers and individuals who develop the diseases before the age of 40 the causative factor is a rare genetic condition, which involves a deficiency of ? 1- antitrypsin which does not inhibit proteolysis in the lung tissue (Kara, 2005). Diagnostic Screening and Evaluation: Radiographic Laboratory Pulmonary function testing, arterial blood gas, high-resolution computed tomography and chest x-ray are used for diagnoses. Pulmonary function measurements, such as vital capacity (VC) and particularly forced expiratory volume (FEV1) are helpful in determining the stage of the disease. In 1998 the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) was established to generate recommendations for COPD manage ment based on the latest scientific evidence available to date (Kara, 2005). COPD can be classified into four stages Stage I – Stage IV, from mild where the individual is not even aware the condition exists to very severe where essentially respiratory failure is present based on the results of FEV1 and patient’s symptoms. Mr. Jones appears to be in Stage II to Stage III due to fatigue, shortness of breath and recent exacerbation. Again important to mention is that Mr. Jones has multiple processes involved therefore his symptoms are caused by a cumulative effect. Treatment Interventions Rationale Treatment for COPD is based on primary prevention, relieving symptoms, improvement of over all health status and exercise tolerance, diligent treatment of exacerbations and complications (Kara, 2005). Educating on smoking cessation and ensuring immunizations are up to date is crucial. Acute and chronic symptoms will be managed with bronchodilators such as ipratropium and B2 -agonists, in severe cases the use of methylxanthines, intravenous, inhaled or oral steroids and home oxygen may be required. Adequate nutrition is also very important. Lastly pulmonary rehabilitation is aimed at improving functional capacity and quality of life (Kara, 2005). Mr. Jones exacerbation of symptoms is related to medication non-compliance and continued smoking. Nebulizer treatments with DuoNeb (albuterol/ipratropium) every 4 hrs and prn via nebulizer and steroids would decrease the severity of symptoms. In the event that tachycardia persists a switch to Xopenex/ipratropium would be beneficial, as Xopenex has less incidence of inducing tachycardia. Supplemental oxygen was applied upon pulse oximetry reading. Antibiotic therapy would be considered if there were signs of infectious processes. Prevention Prevention focuses on patient education and medication compliance. Assessment of Mr. Jones’s cognitive status is important to facilitate educational conversation that he would understand. Indigent support in order to encourage medication compliance is important although realistically not always available. Chronic Disease Review: Rheumatic Fever Definition Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease caused by the group A ? -hemolytic streptococcus, characterized by inflammation of the joints, nervous system and heart. When not appropriately treated, rheumatic fever will cause scarring and deformity of cardiac structures (Brashers, 2008). Signs and Symptoms Rheumatic fever often exhibits symptoms that are common to other conditions such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, arthralagia, lymphadenopathy and epitaxis and fever. According to Kara the American Heart Association and the World Health Organization developed the following criteria for diagnosis purposes: carditis, erythema marginatum, acute migratory polyarthritis and chorea (2005). Pathophysiology Rheumatic fever occurs as a consequence to a pharyngeal infection by group A ? -hemolytic streptococcus which causes an abnormal humoral and cell-mediated immune response. Brashers explains; the immune response cross-reacts with molecularly similar self-antigens on brain, muscle, heart and joints resulting in an autoimmune response that inflames and potentially scars these tissues (2008). The inflammation may subside before treatment; however damage to the heart valves remains. Individuals with CHF and pericarditis suffered significant damage. Endocardial inflammation can cause swelling of the valve leaflets and aggregation of clumps of vegetations containing platelets and fibrin become deposited on valvular tissues causing stenotic valves. If the inflammation is able to penetrate the myocardium it may cause carimegally and left heart failure due to fibrin deposits also known as Aschoff bodies (Brashers, 2008). According to the test results Mr. Jones has mitral valve stenosis, cardiomegaly and HF. Unfortunately Mr. Jones had rheumatic fever as a child w hich may be the causative factor of his HF. Diagnostic Screening and Evaluation: Radiographic Laboratory In the acute phase rheumatic fever is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms plus by positive throat culture for grop A ? -hemolytic streptococci, antistreptolysin O antibody titers 250 Todd units, elevated values of anti-DNase B, antihyaluronidase, antistreptozyme, WBC, ESR, and CRP (Kara, 2005). Treatment Interventions Rationale Therapy is focused on eradicating the streptococcal infection trough appropriate antibiotic therapy. Other pharmacologic agents include NSAIDS, cardiac glycosides, corticosteroids, and diuretics (Brashers, 2008). In the event that there is significant hemodynamic instability related to damaged valves than surgical intervention may be required. Conclusion In conclusion Mr. Jones presents with an intricate combination of symptoms requiring a systematic approach with focus on alleviating symptoms, and educating the patient on preventative measures. I s the history of rheumatic fever a key factor in the patient’s extremely poor condition? It may very well be a component of Mr. Jones’s issues. Risk factors such as poor glycemic control, smoking, and poor nutritional status in addition to the co-morbidities associated with COPD, Diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and HF certainly add to the severity of the situation. Serious consideration needs to be given to quality of life issues, at this point a Living Will and Code Status should be discussed with Mr. Jones. Frequent hospitalizations and chronic conditions can place a big burden on resources as well as emotional well being. Mr. Jones may requires rehab prior to discharge home, or even decide to try a long term placement facility for better medical management of his condition. Mr. Jones may require a surgical consult for valve replacement and/or a cardiology consult for a bi-ventricular pacer / automated implantable cardiac defibrillator. Much emphasis nee ds to be placed on education; most importantly smoking cessation, identifying early signs and symptoms of HF and COPD exacerbation and medical regime compliance. As nurses we have to quickly identify educational opportunities and provide our patients the necessary tools for them to actively accomplish positive and therapeutic change. As nurses we are often the first and last row of defense for our valuable patients. References Brashers, V. L. 2008). Alterations of cardiovascular function. In S. Huether, K. McCance, (Ed. ), Understanding pathophysiology (4th ed. ) (pp. 606-675). St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. Brashers, V. L. (2008). Alterations of pulmonary function. In S. Huether, K. McCance, (Ed. ), Understanding pathophysiology (4th ed. ) (pp. 693-713). St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. Kara, M. (2005). Preparing nurses for the global pandemic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 37(2), 127-133. Retrieved from CINAHL database. Rasmusson, K. , Hall, J. , Renlund, D. (2006). Heart failure epidemic: boiling to the surface. Nurse Practitioner, 31(11), 12. Retrieved from CINAHL database Redderson, L. , Keen, C. , Nasir, L. , Berry, D. (2008). Diastolic heart failure: state of the science on best treatment practices [corrected] [published erratum appears in J AM ACAD NURSE PRACT 2008 Nov;20(11):576]. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 20(10), 506-514. Retrieved from CINAHL database. Roodpeyma, S. , Kamali, Z. , Zare, R. (2005). Rheumatic fever: The relationship between clinical manifestations and laboratory tests. Journal of Paediatrics Child Health, 41(3), 97-100. doi:10. 1111/j. 1440-1754. 2005. 00557. x. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Multisystem Case" essay for you Create order

The Secret Life Of Bees Themes Essay - 1585 Words

The Civil Right Act occurred in 1960 which allowed African-Americans more rights. In the novel The Secret Life of Bees many characters challenges and uncover the meaning of accepting taboo ideas. Set in 1964, Sue Monk Kidd’s The Secret Life of Bees suggests that accepting taboo actions does not necessarily compromises a person’s moral compass and can lead to an awareness and understanding of the world. Kidds foster the idea that racism is to be acknowledged. In the first couple of chapters of the novel the reader sees Roseleen, an African-American nanny to Lily Owens standing up to a group of white guys. â€Å"Rosaleen lifted her snuff which was filled with black spot, and calmly poured it across the shoes of the men’s shoes moving her hand†¦show more content†¦Emanuel agrees in her paper â€Å"The archetypal mother: the Black Madonna in Sue Monk Kidd s The Secret Life of Bees† saying that â€Å"[Kidd] speaks at length about a woman’s plight in both conventional society,†(Catherine B. Emanuel). August understands this progress of injustice. While talking to Lily about her life, August confesses that she did love a man. â€Å"I loved him enough. I just loved my freedom more†(146). This shows that August had to decide whether she wanted to have her freedom or to be married. Kidd writing about a black woman that choose a career over the traditional lifestyle of a women reinforce the notice that anyone can improve and innovate the world as much as white man. In the novel, August shows Lily that a woman can do anything a man can do by breaking from conventional ideas that a women can live a successful life without a man is normal. Laurie Grobman agreed in her essay in â€Å"Teaching Cross-Racial Texts: Cultural Theft in ‘The Secret Life of Bees† by saying that â€Å"August fits Levy’s description of the ‘model of female creativity, the repository of women s history and the pro vider of mother enduring care,†(21). August is a role model to encourage women to break the mold of what a woman is supposed to be. Kidd use the non-traditional religious practices to show the healing and understanding that come from the practice. August has an informal Christian religious group called the Daughter of Mary. The Daughter of Mary prays every SundayShow MoreRelatedKitchen By Banana Yoshimoto And The Secret Life Of Bees Analysis1375 Words   |  6 PagesA theme is the general message or articulation about a subject that every one of the components of a story cooperate to create. Without centralized topic, a story contains just discretionary occasions and characters. In both Kitchen by Banana Yoshimoto and The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd readers view the ideas of death and emptiness, as well as the effects of being nurtured by someone different from mothers. 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